Говорят, что день без работы в сети - это вообще день без работы. Так говорят сегодня очень часто, даже не понимая истинного смысла сказанного. Работа в сети может пониматься с чисто технической точки зрения, или характеризовать конкретный вид деятельности, или вид человеческого общения. Если в сети создается электронная база данных, то все ждут от сети надежной работы, благодаря интеллигентному и высокосложному оборудованию-чем лучше оснащена сеть технически, тем лучше она должна работать и отвечать нашим надеждам. Создается впечатление, что предприятия, корпорации, институты и библиотеки полагали, что хорошо оснащенная и правильно налаженная сеть позволит им держать минимум персонала или, говоря без обиняков, сеть заменит человека или даже вытеснит его. Такое представление преобладает в современных организациях и даже в библиотеках.
За последние годы взгляды изменились.
Все, говорящие о сетях, разделяют работу в сети, осуществляемую
профессионалами для достижения общей цели, и работу в сети для
получения вспомогательной информации, консультаций и сотрудничества.
С другой стороны, когда профессионалы говорят о работе в сети
они имеют в виду определенные электронные системы и базы данных,
и сегодня они почти всегда говорят о Сети с большой буквы, т.е.
об Интернет. Если бы я хотела продолжить эту тему, я говорила
бы о работе в сети с точки зрения библиотекаря - представляя системы
и базы данных, национальные и региональные, а затем свела бы эти
системы лицом к лицу с человеком, или, лучше сказать, с профессионалом,
работающим в сети, что и составляет цель моей профессии - международный
сетевой диалог между профессионалами.
The saying goes "The day you are not networking, you are not working" 1). It is the buzzword of our time often without people realizing its true meaning. Networking can be understood purely in a technical way or it can characterize a certain way of working or communicating together as a human force. When the electronic base is created to network it seems that everybody expects a well-working network because of intelligent and highly sophisticated technical equipment - the better equipped the technical network was the better it is expected to work and to fulfill everybody's expectations. It seemed as if enterprises, corporations, institutions as well libraries secretly thought that by a well-equipped and intelligently installed technical network they could be run on the smallest working force possible, or to say it more bluntly, that a technical network would replace the human working force or make it even superfluous, this idea still prevails in modern organizations and also libraries.
During the last years the attitudes
have changed. Everybody who talks about networking is differentiating
between networking of professionals in most cases to achieve a
common goal and the network providing support, consultancy and
mutual cooperation. On the other side when professionals speak
about networking they mean certain electronic systems, data bases
and today in nearly all cases they are speaking about "The
network" - The INTERNET. If I were to follow this line I
should speak about networking in the library world by introducing
systems and databases solutions on a national or regional base
and then bring these systems face to face with human or better
professional networking, which is my professional goal which is
devoted to international networking between professionals.
Говорять, що день без роботи в мережі - це взагалі день без роботи. Так говорять сьогодні дуже часто, навіть не розуміючи істинного значення цієї фрази. Роботу в мережі можна розуміти суто з технічної точки зору, або характеризуючи конкретну діяльність чи засіб спілкування. Якщо в мережі створюється електронна база даних, то всі чекають від мережі надійної роботи завдяки інтелігентному та надскладному обладнанню - чим краще оснащено мережу технічно, тим кращевона повинна працювати та відповідати нашим сподіванням. Створюється уявлення, що на думку підприємств, корпорацій, інститутів та бібліотек добре обладнана та правильно налагоджена мережа дозволить їм тримати мінімум персоналу, або навіть мережа замінить людину чи зовсім витіснить її. Таке уявлення переважає в сучасних організаціях і навіть в бібліотеках.
За останні роки погляди змінилися.
Всі, хто говорить про мережі, розділяють роботу в мережі для отримання
допоміжної інформації, консультацій та співробітництва. З іншої
сторони, коли професіонали говорять про роботу в мережі вони мають
на увазі певні електронні системи та бази даних, крім того сьогодні
вони майже завжди говорять про Мережу з великої літери, тобто
про ІНТЕРНЕТ. Якщо б я хотіла продовжити цю тему, я б говорила
про роботу в мережі з точки зору бібліотекаря, представляючи національні
та регіональні системи та бази даних, а потім повернула б ці системи
обличчям до людини, чи, вірніше, до професіонала, який працює
в мережі. Саме це й складає мету моєї професії -міжнародний мережевий
діалог між професіоналами.
Cooperation and collaboration
That libraries have to cooperate is a truism. As early as in the year 1200, libraries cooperated and collaborated e.g. in the field of interlibrary loan on a national or international base which was sophisticated in this medieval time e.g. in Spain, networking together libraries of monasteries and culture centers e.g. at Toledo - the extraordinary feature of this cooperation was the cross-culture borderline between Christianity and Islam.
Good library cooperation has always been the result of well-working networks between scientific and academic persons who were in touch and needed to be in touch thus creating a network of information and cooperation. A very good example of this network is shown in a film which was made in the mid 80s about the creation of the library at the Academy of Sciences in Prague 2) featuring the medieval and even contemporary scientific person as a user and provider of information. Another example might be the habit of law of universities and libraries that the scientific persons had to give one copy of each publication to their library. It is very often not done anymore or forgotten except for the thesis with which the candidate does have to provide, not only to his or her library but to others - with the somehow peculiar result that no literature in Germany as well in other countries is comparably as difficult to access as theses.
This base of the cooperation in academic and scientific libraries should remind us that the clientele of these libraries have created the base for library cooperation. The possibilities of networking today might easily drive into a very different direction - that the networking of scientific persons will be run outside and without a library.
Early library cooperation was based on the need to collaborate because of lack of funds, of books, material and knowledge. The famous libraries as those of Corvinus or the Herzog August Library at Wolfenbuttel, or the Thomas Jefferson Library, the nucleus of the Library of Congress Washington, were always the creation of a "homme de lettre" who was networking with the scientific world of his time, trying to collect their knowledge and their books in order to have it available for himself or his fellow men. But they were not particularly paying attention to having access to the stocks of other scientists they wanted to collect the books as universally as possible. Although this goal was in most cases impossible to achieve - the trial could be done.
Although this idea is still prevalent in library organizations all over the world, it cannot be achieved today - it can also be damaging library work on a long run, because discussion on book storehouses on the one side and the digital library on the other side show that the everlasting flow of material regardless the access could in the end destroy the idea of a library as a public room something which is more as a locality for the provision of material.
When the beginning of electronic
data processing entered the libraries, unfortunately the potential
of relieving the administrative burden of running a library was
recognized at once but not the potential of networking thus making
it necessary to create a whole new concept.
Bibliotheksplan 1972-1992 (Library Plan 1972-1992)
Nearly 25 years ago the German Library world published the Bibliotheksplan 1972 which shortly should create a network of combining the smallest library in the village with support libraries thus guaranteeing that each item should be available for each user. The whole system should work in regions combining libraries of different importance and size. It was a very good plan 3). It was revived after the wall between the Germans came down and cooperation was created between libraries in the West and in the East - although many participants of this program overlooked a big difference of this cooperation 4). The Library cooperation after 1989 took place by networking one library to another often regardless of where in the system the library was placed and of the official role of the library. Theorefore libraries in the South of Germany were cooperating with those in the previous East, distances and localities did not play an important role as in years before.
Cooperation in Germany is realized very often in cooperatives which have caused a lot of discussion during the last years because it was not decided on a national basis which systems they were to use - therefore two systems have been introduced in the different cooperatives, one of them being PICA with the headquarters in Netherlands. It is the first time the Federal Republic decided in its majority for one system but not all of them are going to use this one. The participation in one or the other cooperative does not mean networking in the way we want it to be understood. Therefore we want to call it cooperation. The main discussion today is about the introduction of a system on a national basis - this causes a lot of problems regardless if libraries introduce TINLIB, PICA, ALEPH etc. One of the reasons for this hot discussion is the lack of an ideal system. It does not exist yet. The other discussion is about formats and cataloguing rules. It shows that internationalization and globalization have hit the library world as unexpectedly as the economic world.
1. The main cooperation is in the field of cataloguing hoping that the system SUBITO which is still in its infancy will include the document delivery as well.
2. Cooperation is on the base of
the Bundeslander, that means participants are not cooperating
according to professional goals. It is hoped that by many libraries
belonging to the same system, these disadvantages will not prevail.
Most libraries in Germany belong to the civil services, but working
under very different authorities which makes their organization
substitute to political decisions and public administration -
this does not always give way to the best organization.
Financing library cooperation
Besides the somehow hot discussion about which system should be preferred and on which basis such a system should be introduced on a national, regional or local basis, finances and fee-based information were entering the discussion nearly fifteen years ago. Library cooperation as it was mentioned in the beginning especially in the field of interlibrary loan lost its base that the costs of the giving library and the taking library were somehow balanced, as e.g. in Germany was done by the Research Society which gives additional funds and sometimes working forces to libraries with special stocks but with the obligation that these libraries have to lend this special material in national and international loan. France has adopted a similar system - which showed big disadvantages when the bibliographical information was getting more and more rapid to the user but the document delivery was getting slower and slower. The idea of cooperating libraries in order to secure a fast interlibrary loan and document delivery was realized by the British Library Document Supply Center at Boston Spa. It was created as a central institution for the interlibrary loan and it succeeded on an international as well as on a national basis. This institution guaranteed that a request could be fulfilled in one or two days sending the book or the material directly to the lending library not the user directly. This institution has for a long time out-stripped the cooperatives in Great Britain which were still working and it is a highly successful enterprise in the field of international networking combining libraries in different countries and different places. For the future of networking some results of this institution are very important.
I. It was placing the question and problem of what to purchase and what to loan in the professionalism - a problem which is prevailing collection development in each library public, academic or private - small or big. Maurice Line by introducing and discussing interlibrary loan and document delivery on an international base has devoted many publications to this problem
5). It puts the question of costing, not only according, the book prizes but the overhead costs of processing and storing a book into every consideration according to collection development.
II. As a result the question of
costing and prizing was becoming more and more important, but
was also changing the prevailing idea of cooperation of this institution.
The idea of finances is also influencing the work of cooperatives
in the United Kingdom as it has done in the USA. Lending and borrowing
between libraries was not any more free of charge but had to be
backed by agreements including finances. This opened the way to
other agencies of document delivery which I do not need to mention
here. These agencies were public as JASON in the state of North
Rhine Westfalia, Germany or private as Swet SCAM 6). It is significant
that the enterprise SWETS has started to publish a periodical
for its clientele named Network which is meant as a means to network
its houses all over the world and its clientele in a big network
together 7).
The economical basis of library cooperation
With the example of interlibrary loan for cooperation we wanted to illustrate the introduction of "economics of library and information services" into the information profession 8). When it was said there that "two developments of roughly the last two decades have underlined the economics thus the efficency and effectiveness of library and information services caused by firstly the comparatively rapid development of automated systems and services where real costs are more explicit and which are often commercially provided, secondly growing pressure particularly but not solely on public sector services to clarify objectives and priorities and to justify claims of resources-the answer to these pressing developments and arising problems has to be found - but part of the strategies to which libraries are forced to find an answer on this situation can only be networking.
When Maurice Line stated that they were shaping four categories for categories for charging in the British Library in the beginning of the 90s, free, partial cost-recovery, full cost-recovery, commercial (for profit) 9) the discussion about information economy, the attempt to judge library and information services according to effectiveness and efficiency was trying to measure the costs according to different aspects as quality, turnover, achievement etc. 10).
This somehow more theoretical discussion opened the eyes of the professional to the relation between costs and quality of information services on the one side and pathed the way to more cooperation, resource sharing and finally to a more international outlook badly needed for future networking e.g. on an European basis. The Study of European Information Services Markets (MSSTUDY) done on behalf of the ECC is one of the results of this idea. This study measured the supply and the markets of electronic information services in 17 countries of the European Union plus Norway and Iceland. It was the first study trying to cover both sides of the market, the supply side, the demand side and additional important factors influencing the development of these markets, e.g. the national information policies, the market for printed information products (book market) the technical infrastructures, the different library systems 11). This study is an important tool for developing international cooperation and will be useful for any further development of international networking but although done as recently as 1995/96 it investigates the market as the state of the art regarding the information infrastructure as well the national information policy - wihch may change rapidly.
The discussion about effectiveness and efficiency has introduced the question about charging and costing into the information policy, which are prevalent in nearly all discussions about the digital library or electronic library 12). Two main features are dominating the discussion: the overflow of titles in print, the lack of space and lack of public funds available at rising costs especially in the field of magazines and periodicals. It seems as if the new technologies are presenting an alternative and have lead according to the Follet report to the Electronic Libraries Program/ellB which is funded with a budget of over 15 million pounds over three years. It is pursuing the following aims 13):
1. Amelioration of the information supply by using electronic library services in order to allow academic libraries to manage the growth of information (more printed titles) and the growth of users' numbers and demands.
2. The attempts with different models of intellectual property.
3. New forms of academic publishing.
These three guidelines aim at a
change of the whole book and information infrastructure and cannot
be realized without networking.
The change of the information infrastructure - demands for networking
Although the electronic media are
expected to change the information infrastructure they will probably
not end up in an electronic library which may be a solution regarding
funding and space problems. Nobody knows today how this new infrastructure
will be shaped but it is for sure that no media will be replaced
totally the book as well the electronic media will have its place
according to usage and efficiency. But we know for sure that the
demand for highly sophisticated networking and well-educated and
well-trained staff will be increasing 14). As Bruce Royan said
(see 15) it will be crucial, that the librarians who work with
information in a network are welleducated and well-trained, in
order to be aware of the new developments - a good example of
projects of this kind is the current awareness bulletin in the
Web ARIADNE 16). Librarians have to think very differently - they
have to be aware of the information networks and provide access
to a wide range not only of material but of information and knowledge
networks, this may also include people, institutions and consultancy
e.g. when providing business information.
Library policy and networking
The lack of an overall national library policy hampers inter-regional activities which are based on cooperation especially the regional and international networking of information systems, to which libraries belong. Only in this way the inter-regional and international information supply and document delivery may become faster (and more efficient). On top of this it is necessary that regional systems may open themselves and could communicate with the help of standardized interfaces 16). This is an extraordinary statement made by the two chairpersons of the working group of the Federal Republic and States on librarianship and leads directly to the New Program of the Federal Republic of Germany being published recently "Information as raw material for innovation, the program of the Federal Republic of Germany 1996-2000", which was decided on August 14th, 1996 17) - which is based on the assumption that knowledge is the capital of the information society and printed or electronic information the basis of this knowledge. Although this program is in most parts state of the art, some aspects are new. The necessity for networking is recognized by the federal administration. This is new because only nearly 10 years ago with the program of the subject-orientated information centers the development between the supply of the information, since many of the se centers provided information as the access to databases and working as hosts and the libraries which were more and more overworked with their role as suppliers of material went into different directions. This program 1996 tries very hard to get these services in a network, which is absolutely necessary since information and document supply can only be provided in a network, the more textual information is provided, as the text libraries in the United States are doing the more information supply and the document delivery are using the same network and maybe finally mean the same.
Also this government paper recognizes
that the new information technologies will change the traditional
system of academic publications from author to publisher to bookstore
to information centers and libraries. These new developments may
even question this system and demand new definition among the
participants.
Networking and new partnerships
The access-orientated library which opens access for the users to all information available operates in a network which enables access of databases, electronic information but also networks of expertise as a college or university network. But the access-orientated library is still a place where to go to read and to browse, it is still a public place, maybe the last for a community, maybe it be a university, a city or an organization 18). Therefore the library in order to play its significant role in the networking has to define its objectives and goals, not only for the collection development in order to offer the user a wide and well-selected range of material for their special purpose but also to play the specific role in the networking.
Networking is as cooperation defined
by giving and taking by working together but not on one level
and not only in one direction. Networking can be only possible
between equal partners and networking will change partners and
will not work on a given hierarchy. "New York's New Door
for the Information Age" 19) the New York Public Library
- Science Industry and Business Library looks like a traditional
library - books have not vanished nor has the reading room coziness
been replaced by high tech impersonality. Readers can browse through
shelves, look at current business and science magazines, check
out books or sit and read in the comfortable chairs and at tables.
"The differences to former time are almost invisible. Wiring
that permit users to plug in their laptop computers connecting
them to all NYPL's on-line catalogs both branches and research
collections and to the World Wide Web site on the INTERNET".
The SIBL was made as flexible as possible to accommodate rapidly
changing technology - "it is meant as an engine for economic
growth" - "which will give the opportunity to strengthen
and extend New York Public Library's leadership role in providing
information locally nationally and now globally" 20). Participants
in networking may change and they network deliberately and on
the base of partnership. These partnerships may change and they
will not be defined by library type that means networking can
be in a region and on the same time internationally as the European
Confederation of Universities at the Upper Rhine which publishes
regularly the practical steps consequently the better service
for their users in this region of Germany, Switzerland and France,
thus combining libraries of all countries in a network (Karlsruhe,
Strasbourg, Colmar, Freiburg im Breisgau, Mulhouse and Basel)
21). But this will also mean partnership between private and public
and between library and information centers and a network of expertise
as in HERTIS. The public library and the information society 22)
is a demand to include the public library into this network in
order to avoid social friction and a new class of information
rich as anticipated in the warning keynote address of Talat S.
Halman at the opening ceremony of the 62nd IFLA Council and General
Conference 23).
The Public Library and the INTERNET
With the arrival of the INTERNET and the World Wide Web the information landscape has changed dramatically and put networking in the forefront. The base of INTERNET is radically democratic neglecting any hierarchy of information providers, suppliers and receivers. All the cooperatives working from top to bottom are somehow obsolete and peculiar enough the discussion of the role of the public library in the INTERNET had started from the beginning on.
In USA the "public libraries
and the INTERNET" was one of the first reports from the official
side. Laws of different states tried to provide the legal possibility
and background for opening the INTERNET for as many participants
and people as possible. Comparisons with the telephone are made
quite frequently. Therefore it is considered to accelerate the
rate at which libraries are connected to the INTERNET by establishing
connections provided by free local net or community network. The
National Commission on Libraries and Information Science observed
that community networks, civic networks and free nets are all
types of electronic networks that "improve access to information
of all kinds to the general public of targeted members of local
community who are traditionally under served. Civic networks programming
can provide access to the INTERNET, job rosters, community listings,
educational resources, health information and government databases
"24).
The INTERNET and international communication
The INTERNET which was in the beginning a scientific cooperative linking universities together is becoming more and more the "NET" - the nucleus for an international networking the backbone of the information superhighway not only in the USA but also in the global information structure internationally. It can be easily used and it might revolutionize the whole information world. The advantages and disadvantages especially for the Third World and the countries in Central and Eastern Europe but also for the illiterate are highly discussed 25). But nobody can really foresee in all extent of how this media will influence further development. We know only that networking will become more and more important and possible. Discussion lists, introduction of persons, institutions, library catalogs publications are offering numerous possibilities for communication. This which was only a privilege for a circle of academic persons is now possible for everybody to communicate and to network with the world.
The INTERNET and the international community
When talking about networking and communication, when talking about the new information society or the global village, it is often overlooked that all these technical advances means the possibility to network but they also imply the misuse or neglect of the use at all.
Networking in libraries means the opening of a wide range of possibilities to access information and provision for the user but they will not be used if the professionals are not trained and educated but full of apprehension and fear. Users and professionals except some are in the same boat, they lack very often the competence to use these new media to build a network including users, professionals and consultancy. Librarians and information professionals have to get used to the fact that networking might not only mean to plug the patrons in the correct database but the consultancy - that means they have to find out how to serve the user as they have always done, especially in public and private libraries. That does not mean to guide the user but really to find out his wishes and seek the solutions, which could mean to plug him in a technical as well human network, that could mean the access to information material but also consultancy.
But how could a professional help
a user to work and to use a network if he or she is not part of
one? The big success of systems as HERTIS 26)are based on a multi-type
network of different libraries which are networking with each
other, by electronic means and personal ties. Networking means
to work in a net together. Professionals without responsibility
to their profession, to their clientele and to each other will
not fulfill the role in this network. We have mentioned above
that a new information infrastructure and new organization can
be expected but this will not work in the old way. We have also
said that the INTERNET is a radical democratic means. Information
networks are not any more a privilege for only some who create
their network for themselves closing it to the outside world and
to others. The power of networking will prevent it. But in order
to use the technical means to their full potential, professionals
have to network with each other. How this will be done, cannot
be foreseen, probably in a very casual manner, as you find today
breakfast meetings and other means of getting together. Emotional
intelligence will be very important, the possibility to use the
given media not only for themselves but for the benefit of the
people thus creating a basis for the new knowledge world. We have
to use these means intelligently with responsibility which can
only be learnt together, otherwise networking will be useless
and the losses for each person and society will be much bigger
than any globalization will cost us in the future.
References
1. Neville Keery: "Networking in Europe" in: Library Cooperation North/South/West/East, and international symposium at Zeillern, Austria; proceedings will be published February 1997. See also Handbook of Library Cooperation, ed. by Alan Mac Dougall and Ray Prytherch, Gower Aldershot 1991, X, 314 pp.
2. Address and telephone number of the main library of the Academy of Sciences: Narodni 3, 115 Praha 1, Tel.: 00422-24 24 05 24
3. Bibliotheksplan 73. Entwurf eines umfassenden Bibliotheksnetzes fur die Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Berlin: Deutsche Bibliothekskonfenenz 1973, 175 pp., new edition 1993 and Bund-Lander-Arbeitsgruppe Bibliothekswesen. "Empfehlungen zur Forderung der Bibliotheken in den Neuen Bundeslandern" (DBI Materialien 106). Berlin: Deutsches Bibliotheksinstitut 1991, 142 pp.
4. Walther Umstatter mentions this "curiously enough you may find only few hints about the information logistical task of libraries, althouth it is underlined by much Which is said. This shows that it is not fully recognized and there is no clear concept. In: Nachrichten fur Dokumentation, 1995 46: pp. 33-42.
5. Maurice Line in: "Information management for information services" (as in many other publications) ed. by Ben G. Goedegebuure and Karl Stroetmann. Berlin: Deutsches Bibliotheksinstitut 1992: 107 pp.
6. Swets & Zeitlinger. Firmenportraits Subscription Service. 10 Jahre in Frankfurt/M., fast 100 Jahre Erfahrung und die Zukunft im Kopf von Caren Adressen in ABI Technik, 1 Y 7876 15, 1995: pp. 338-342. ISNN0720.
7. Network, ed. by Swets & Zeitlinger B.V., Postfach 830, SZ Lisse, Niederlande.
8. "The economics of library and information services", ed. by Edward Dudley, Monika Segbert, Elisabeth Simon, Karl A. Stroetmann. A project of the Anglo-German Foundation for the Study of Industrial Society, 1991: VII, 317 pp.
9. see Maurice Line in 5.
10. see Werner Schwuchow in 8:17 and other publications. Werner Schwuchow has done research and published widely on this subject of information economy. Together with W. Bredemeier he is in charge of the Institute of Information Economics, Hattingen and Cologne.
11. The Study of European Information Service Markets (MSSSTUDY) will be published in Great Britain. The next can be obtained by Werner Schwuchow, Institute for Information Economics. Siebengebirgsallee 65, Koln 50 939, Germany.
12. Petra Labriga: "Die Britische Nationalbibliothek auf dem Weg zur elektronischen Bibliothek", the program "Initiatives for Access" of the British Library. In: Bibliotheksdienst 1996, 30, Vol. 6: pp. 1035-1043.
13. Bruce Royan: "Elektronische Bibliotheken - ein Programm und einige Projekte". In: Bibliotheksdienst 1996, 30, Vol. 6.: pp. 1043-1046.
14. compare Walther Umstatter: "Die Rolle der Documentation bei der Entstehung der Digitalen Bibliothek und ihre Konsequenzen fur die Bibliothekswissenschaft". In: Nachrichten fur Dokumentation 1995. Berlin: Deutsches Bibliotheksinstitut 1995, 157 pp.
15. Web site: http://ukoln.bath.ac.uk/ariadne/
16. Michael Hirsch/Antonius Jammers: "Perspektiven: in Bund-Lander-Arbeitsgruppe Bibliothekswesen. Abschlussbericht 1990-1992. Empfehlungen und Materialien". DBI Materialien 126. Berlin: Deutsches Bibliotheksinstitut 1993: pp. 137-139.
17. Information als Rohstoff fur Innovation. Programm der Bundesregierung 1996-2000. BMBF-Pressedokumentation, not yet officially published.
18. see John Allred: "Library open for learning". In: The library as a place for lifelong learning. An international seminar organized by the Foreign Relations Office, Berlin. Proceedings to be published in 1997.
19. Esther Harriott: "New York's New Door to the Information Age". In: American Libraries June/July 1996: pp. 58-59.
20. See also The 48th conference and congress of FID (International Federation of Information and Documentation): "Globalization of Information. The Networking Information society 20-25 Oct. 1996". Proceedings to be published.
21. EUCOR-Bibliotheksinformation, published regularly.
22. The Public Library and the Information Society. An EU study RPOLIB/PLIS 10340 see also "European Commission Initiatives for Public Libraries". Paper presented at the PHARE conference on Public Libraries Development in Central and Eastern Europe, Cluj 10-11 September 1996.
23. Talat S. Halman: "From Babylon to LIBRE space". Opening address of the IFLA conference 1995 at Istanbul, 8 pp.
24. United States National Commission on Libraries and Information Services. "Public Libraries and the INTERNET. Study Result, Policy Issues and Recommendations". Washington: GPO 1994 (Superintendent Documents US Government Printing Office, Washington DC 20402)
25. Jorg Becker: "Kommunikation" in: Hauchler, Ingomar (Ed.): Globale Trends 1996, Fakten Analysen, Prognosen. Frankfurt: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag 1995: pp. 444-467.
26. Informationsdienste fur Handel und Industrie. Information Services for Industry. Hatfield 1989. DBI Materialien 89.
27. Daniel Goleman: Emotional intelligence.
Why it can matter more than IQ. Bantman Books 1996, XV, 423 pp.